Fast Food Restaurants and Healthy Choices FD Essay

When choosing what kind of food establishment you want to go to, it is always a good idea to know the nutritional information for the food you want to eat. By knowing this information, you will be able to make a better decision towards choosing an establishment that serves healthier food keeping you in better shape. McDonald’s Calories McDonalds’ food tends to have higher calories than foods that you would find at an establishment such as Subway. The Big Mac burger from McDonalds’ for instance has 550 calories (http://www. mcdonalds. com/us/en/food/product_nutrition. sandwiches. 255. Big- Mac.html) and that is just the burger itself; that is not including any French Fries that come standard with the meal. The Premium McWrap Chicken & Bacon (Crispy) has a whopping 620 calories (http://www. mcdonalds. com/us/en/food/product_nutrition. chicken. 1063. Premium- McWrap-Chicken-Bacon-Crispy. html) and once again, this is not including any sides that you might want to get with your meal. Of their â€Å"Burgers and Sandwiches,† only 15 of 37 menu items have less than 400 calories and that is not including any sides. It is also noteworthy that many of their items also have high sodium content (http://www. mcdonalds. com/us/en/full_menu_explorer. html). Fast Food Restaurants and Healthy Choices 3 Subway’s Calories Subway’s food tends to have lower calories than that of McDonalds. The 6† BLT only has 320 calories (http://www. subway. com/nutrition/nutritionlist. aspx). A 6† Cold Cut Combo only has 360 calories (http://www. subway. com/nutrition/nutritionlist. aspx). Their highest calorie count sandwich, the Chicken & Bacon Ranch Melt (includes cheese), only has 570 calories (http://www. subway. com/nutrition/nutritionlist. aspx). Out of the 29 sandwiches listed in their nutritional information, 18 have less than 400 calories. That is 62% of the meals compared to 40% of McDonalds’ meals. It does have to be mentioned that not all of McDonalds’ meals were looked at due to trying to keep the total number of meals looked at close to the same. When you look at Subway, they also have 9 sandwiches of the 29 that are below 300 calories. Like McDonalds though, none of these items include any sides you might order with your sandwich. One should also pay attention to the items that make up their meal, such as meat, bread, greens, etc. Ingredients in Food Another key item that you want to look at when choosing your food is what makes the food. We are not talking specific ingredients such as this chemical and this dye; more we are speaking bread, meat, and other items like those. McDonalds’ Ingredients When you get food from McDonalds’, the ingredients that you get are frozen burger patties, frozen fries, and frozen chicken nuggets. You are not getting fresh food that has not been frozen. It is noteworthy however that their beef patties are not cooked until they arrive at the restaurant from which they are to be served (http://www. mcdonalds. com/us/en/food/food_quality/see_what_we_are_made_of/your_question Fast Food Restaurants and Healthy Choices 4 s_answered/meats. html). McDonalds’ also does not cook their food at the time of delivery, one look behind the counter and you can see that they store cooked food in bins until the food is put on a bun. French fries are also left under heat lamps until they are packed into the containers that hold them and put with your meal. The same practice goes with chicken nuggets. While this may not have a lot to do with your food being healthy, it does have to do with your food being fresh. Who doesn’t want their food cooked for them when they order and not sitting under heat lamps for who knows how long before you get the food? Subway’s Ingredients When it comes to the ingredients at Subway, everything is right there in your face. The deli sliced meat is sitting in refrigerated bins waiting to go on your sandwich. The bread is fresh made, which you can see behind the counter, and in ovens until your sandwich is made. Any ingredients such as chicken that might go onto your sandwich is stored in a refrigerated container until it is cooked and immediately put on your sandwich. No hot ingredients, except for the bread rolls, are cooked until you order the food. All produce that might go onto your sandwich is also stored in metal refrigerated containers until you order your sandwich. Like McDonalds, this may not necessarily mean healthier food, but it does give you the ability to see what exactly is going on the sandwich that you order. Seeing the quality of what you are eating before it is put on your meal helps lend a little credibility to the good itself. Choices of Food Items When it comes to your food, it is important that you are able to make your meal healthier if you would like to. Replacing certain ingredients can be a good way to make your food healthier for you. McDonalds’ doesn’t have a lot of options to make your food healthier whereas Subway does. Even reducing 100 calories for a meal is good towards a healthier lifestyle. Fast Food Restaurants and Healthy Choices 5 McDonalds’ Choices When you go to McDonalds, you do not have a lot of options when it comes to making your food healthier. While you can order apple slices to replace your French fries, you cannot change the bun that your food comes on to make it healthier. You cannot just go to McDonalds and have spinach put on your burger to replace the iceberg lettuce that comes stock on your burger. Subways’ Choices When you order food from Subway, there are quite a few ways to make your meal healthier. First off, you can have spinach put on your sandwich instead of the iceberg lettuce that would normally be on your sandwich. You can also choose healthier rolls for your sandwich, such as wheat or whole grain. You can also choose healthy fruits and vegetables to go on your sandwich such as tomatoes, bell peppers, pickles, onions, and many others. This gives you the option of making your meal extremely healthy. If you really want to, you can even have a sandwich that is completely fruits and vegetables on a healthy role, making you an extremely healthy meal. You can easily avoid any sauces such as sweet onion sauce or teriyaki sauce to avoid those extra calories. Conclusion In today’s society, fast food restaurants are becoming more popular; and sadly obesity is also becoming much more prevalent. People are in such a rush that fast food is a great option for them because they don’t have a lot of time. What most people need to recognize is that there are healthier options when it comes to fast food, such as Subway over McDonalds. All you have to do is look at http://www. subway. com/Menu/MealBuilder/MealBuilder. aspx to see it right in your face. Fast food does not have to be the unhealthy choice that it has become, there are options out Fast Food Restaurants and Healthy Choices 6 there and all you have to do is look for them. References Retrieved from http://www. mcdonalds. com/us/en/home. html Retrieved from http://www. subway. com/subwayroot/default. aspx Fast Food Restaurants and Healthy Choices 7.

‘Night of the scorpion’ (page 9) Essay

Question: compare the ways people are presented in the ‘Night of the scorpion’ (page 9) with the ways people are presented in one other poem of your choice from the poems form different cultures, * Who the people are * What you find out about the people * Similarities between the methods the poet use to present the people * Differences between the methods the poets use to present the people * What you think about the people and how they are presented. People are at the central of some poems as some of the poets are interested with the society and the attitudes towards the people on how they treat each other. On the other hand, sometimes people live completely different lifestyles from one and another. Others are interested in the people who are on their own and get on things individually. As you can see, that in the anthology of the poems from different cultures, people are presented in many different ways. The local people in ‘Night of the scorpion’ believe in reincarnation as its set in a Hindu community. Though the child is scared and confused by the religious response due to his mother’s sting from the scorpion. In contrast ‘Island man’ describes how an immigrant in London reacts to his environment as he dreams of his Caribbean home. ‘Night of the scorpion’ uses structure to show the sense of panic in the villagers’ reactions. Its two stanzas long the first stanza with 45 lines and the second stanza with only 3 lines. The final three lines are separated from the rest of the poem as it’s about the mother’s calm unselfish reaction. It’s separate because it’s a clear contrast to the panic in the first stanza of the poem. ‘Island man’ uses structure to show the confused thoughts of the awaked man. There is no punctuation the line lengths vary and some phrases are misplaced, just like this individual line is, ‘He always comes back groggily groggily’. The poetic devises used in he poems differ to show the different ways people are presented. ‘Night of the scorpion’ is written in the first person, which is from the Childs point of view, but he’s an outsider throughout the poem and he can’t affect anything. There is a simile used as well, ‘the peasants came like swarms of flies and buzzed the name of God hundred times’. The simile makes the villagers seem really panicked. Also there is the use of repetition of the word ‘may’ as it makes it sound like a prayer, but when having the same word at start of so many lines makes this reaction seem repetitive and unthinking. ‘They said’ is also repeated at the end of many lines. In contrast, the poetic devises used in ‘Island man’ are limited. As it shows the confusion of that the character is going through. The reader gets a series of contrasting images for example ‘the sound of the blue surf’ of the Caribbean, which conflicts, with the ‘Grey metallic soar’ of London. The word ‘wombing’ suggests the sense the dream has on his ’emerald island’. Both poets show how the people feel in their different situations and give us their own view. The poet in ‘Night of the scorpion’ is frightened by what is happening but admits his mums courage. Though Ezekiel seems critical of religion, the ceremonial language and all that talk of the next life seems unhelpful and premature. The feelings revealed in ‘Island man’ obviously has fond memories of the Caribbean but represent his dull London. We can feel his depression as he ‘heaves himself’ to ‘Another London day’. Grace Nicholas has sympathy for this man as he feels the conflict of these two cultures. Finally, ‘Night of the scorpion’ has made me feel that believing in god could always be a solution to the problem also it has made me aware of the people around me who can help me in such difficulties I am struggling with. Though ‘Island man’ has made me aware of how it might feel to be trapped in a foreign country, which you are not too familiar with. Both poems have made me hope that in the future, if I am in trouble or I am home sick then I can count on the society who will always be there to support me.

Explain the differences between a group and a team Essay

Explain the differences between a group and a team - Essay Example To describe it briefly, it will be suffice to say that all teams are form of work group but not all groups are teams. There are several fundamental principles that distinguish the two. First is accountability. In groups, members are individually accountable within the group; they have to be alert from people within the group. In teams, however, individual accountability does exist but on a minimum level; teams are accountable mutually. Instead of reporting to one another or someone from amongst group, teams report to a higher authority. This means that teams are more united and open with each other. This also highlights the fact that usually groups work on lower levels while teams work at higher, more independent level in the hierarchy (Thornton, 2010). Secondly, members working in the group meet regularly to circulate information and discuss perspectives whereas team members just meet occasionally to make decision, plan, and solve any problems that arise in a meanwhile. This implies that team member share more trust than group members do, making them more self-reliant and confident of their own actions. Thirdly, group members work on individual goals while team members work on mutual goals. This shows more unity and togetherness that is shared by people working in the team. For instance, people in groups may work hard for promotion/to please their supervisors/ in order to get a pay upgrade but team members will worry less about such petty matters and try to get bigger tasks done. Fourthly, groups focus more on individual products while teams emphasize more on team products. Instead of getting their names high like in groups, team members focus more on efficiency and excellence, making merit the parameter for judgment. Next, groups have defined roles and responsibilities whereas team members are more liberal with these lines and feel free to share each other’s work. Lastly, in groups, manager, with little say from members, shapes the goals and tasks desi gned to achieve them. On the contrary, team leader brings the whole team together to shape the goals and delegate tasks on each member with their complete will. This gives a sense of ownership to the goal and creates a free environment where learning and creativity thrives (Levi, 2010). As the world is coming together to form a global village, it is important to embrace, appreciate and celebrate the diversity, which flourishes as people from across the world come together to accomplish goals of mutual interest. However, diversity is tough to handle since it requires a lot of compromise and patience to settle down with. Nonetheless, importance of diversity cannot be over-emphasized. With people from different backgrounds, religious views, ethnicities, social status, and education coming together on a common platform, the ideas generated, and discussions held are more multi-lateral and creative. In addition, the solutions found with diverse bodied thing tank are applicable to more tha n a single thinkers and work in more than a few conditions since its planners have put together their own personal experience in planning and critiquing it, refining into more applicable and garnishes the concept. On the other hand,

Glider 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Glider 3 - Assignment Example The glider fuselage has a rounded nose and sleek thus allowing easy flow of air can flow efficiently around it. The feature is also enhanced by the presence of the tapered body of the fuselage (Yechout & Morris, 2003). The wing design for the glider represents intrinsic part of the glider. It has various arrangements of braces, ribs, edges and many other parts designed to strengthen the wing part of the glider. The glider wing has planform exhibiting high aspect ratio, variable and tapered aerofoil shape. The wing allows for straight model of sweeping by entailing wing motion through the right angles to anticipated line of flight. The selection of the type of the glider wing focuses on allowing of low-speed design. The wings provide essential lift force, and therefore is most imperative lift-producing element of the glider (Yechout & Morris, 2003). The four spars mainly provide the lateral strength for the wing. Ribs are attached to the spars to complete the structural parts. There is a rising angle is called the dihedral which aids in keeping the airplane from rolling suddenly while on flight. AOI or the angle at which the wing is linked to the fuselage is mainly 5o. The wings have variable b and c features on it. The empennage has rudder, vertical stabilizer, engine pylon, elevator and horizontal adjustable stabilizer as the main typical parts. There is well designed to provide stability and enhanced control for the glider. The main two parts entailing the empennage includes vertical stabilizer otherwise called fin on which the rudder is normally attached. There is another segment called horizontal stabilizer on which the elevators are conventionally attached. The typical stabilizers facilitate proper pointing of the glider to the wind as normally, when the tail section of the glider swing to any side, the wind thrust against the tail sides and surfaces. This action maintains the proper place of the

Evaluating Learning and Development Activities PowerPoint Presentation

Evaluating Learning and Development Activities - PowerPoint Presentation Example ROI is a measure of the financial benefits received by a firm over a period of time in return for the costs incurred on a training activity. One way of computing ROI is by comparing the resulting benefits to the costs incurred. Some of the benefits that may result include labor savings, increased productivity and other costs savings. Some of the costs incurred include design and development, administration, and materials/facilities costs. Using this method, percentage ROI is obtained by dividing the total benefits by the total costs times 100%. Another way of measuring ROI is by using the payback period method which entails the determination of the period taken for the benefits received to cover the costs incurred on the programme. The shorter the payback period the more attractive the training programme (Phillips & Phillips, 2008). The initial basic approach to evaluation is to determine the current performance levels and the skills of the members. This is done before the training so that it can be used as a benchmark after the activity. A structured questionnaire can be used to assess the skills and the performance levels of the participants. This tool is the most suitable since it is accurate and it gathers specific information that is required in the evaluation of the participants after the training (Phillips, 2010). Measuring the reactions of the participants during and after the training, is another useful approach. This is used to assess the appropriateness of the training to the learners, how well the subjects were covered and how they intend to apply the acquired skills. Open discussions can be used as a tool for measuring this parameter. This tool is advantageous since direct responses are received from the participants. It would be easy to tell if they liked the training or not, and if they learned new skills (Bramley, 2003). The skills acquired and the learning level can also

John Adams Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

John Adams - Research Paper Example His family was rather modest, and his simple habits were typical for Massachusettsian farmers of that time (McCullough 18). Adams was a devout believer, but he still valued Greco-Roman literature and political theory: he was an ample reader of works by Cicero, Tacitus, Plato, Thucydides, and other political writers and philosophers of Ancient world (McCullough 19). Adams did not belong to learned or commercial elite of the Colonial society and was proud of his personal qualities such as eloquence. As a lawyer, he earned recognition of local community, yet his social ambition led him to view political career as his true destiny (McCullough 20). Adams first became an important figure during the campaign against the Stamp Act of 1765, as the decision of the British government to impose a direct tax on printed materials enraged the Americans. Adams played a prominent role in this campaign by drafting the so-called Braintree Instructions, a document presented by Massachusettsian citizens to the General Court of the colony. The Braintree Instructions presented such basic principles of future American political system as the connection between taxation and representation, and the necessity of trial by jury and independent judiciary (McCullough 61). The campaign against the Stamp Act would thus become the first contribution of Adams to the fight for independence of the future United States. The second important contribution of Adams to the cause of independence was his participation in the first and second Continental Congresses of 1774 and 1775. As the most prominent of representatives of Massachusetts, Adams possessed great influence among his fellow members of Congress, and his struggle for transformation of the colonies into independent states played an important role in convincing Congress of the necessity of independence. Adams played a key part in drafting the Congressional resolutions of 15 May 1776, which became a basis for the future draft of the Declaration of Independence (Wood 176). The most important work of Adams, Thoughts on Government (1776), had a decisive influence on the political thought of American Patriots (Wood 177). By arguing in favor of rule of law, Adams laid the foundations for American system of government. In Thoughts on Government Adams displayed a concern about the necessity of political balance between various branches of government in order to avoid possible abuses of power. The effect of Adams’ Thoughts on Government was extensive, as the principles he proclaimed received a wide audience (McCullough 103; Wood 178). This allowed Adams to become a respected figure in constitutional affairs. Despite the dominant role of Jefferson and Madison in drafting the Declaration of Independence, Adams played important role in proclamation of independence itself. He supported the Lee Resolution on 7 June 1776 that was to proclaim the United States â€Å"free and independent states†, and participated in the deba te in Congress that followed it (McCullough 118). The fruitful participation of Adams in the affairs of Congress, and his positive standing at the negotiations with General Howe in September 1776 allowed him to become a first representative of the USA in the European countries. Adams’ diplomatic career proved extremely fruitful for the United States. Even though his missions to

Owner Controlled Insurance Programs versus Traditional Insurance Term Paper

Owner Controlled Insurance Programs versus Traditional Insurance Programs - Term Paper Example It is purchased by construction owner for the benefit of builders or contractors engaged with the project, which includes compensation of workers, general liability, pollution liability, builders risk and professional liability among others. OCIP is a comparatively new vehicle in insurance sector for residential projects. Due to rapid growth of defective constructive designs, these policies are becoming highly popular among the builders and the contractors (Grenier, 2001). The study is mainly based on the analysis of OCIP versus Traditional insurance programs. Both the insurance policies play vital roles in the construction sector but OCIP provides advanced reliability than traditional insurance policies, as OCIP wraps up multiple policies provided by the owner to the contractors or the developers in a project including the facilities which are not supported in traditional insurance policies. Risks Associated with OCIP OCIP is commonly known as Wrap-Up Policy in United States. Both the OCIP and traditional policies were developed in 1950’s. The difference between the owner controlled insurance program and traditional insurance program lies with those who procure the policy. In OCIP, an individual party purchases insurance policies for all contractors involved in the project but in case of traditional insurance program, it is not applicable (Olson, 2006).... Although OCIP provides numerous benefits, there are various risks associated with it both for owners as well as contractors which are stated below: Risk of Owners The risk can be identified through various factors including administrative burden which signifies that if OCIP is not managed accurately, it can provide huge administrative load on the contractors. Subsequently, the liability of the construction owners is also likely to increase. OCIPs are useful mainly in large projects, small construction owners are deprived from the facilities of this policy. The small contractors of United States have been witnessed at times to prefer acquiring higher limits of insurances than that provided by owners which can place a negative impact on the contractors (Gibson, 2006). There is always a market risk associated with every program. The market risk signifies that if the market of insurance hardens, there is a possibility of financial risk which can result in increase of premium cost. Bid Pr eparation aspect signifies that there are certain additional costs involved in it, such as retention of a risk consultant, a complete study of advantages and disadvantages of OCIP, submission of proposals and detail interviews (Taylor, 2011). Risk of Contractors The risk of the contractors can also be observed by certain significant factors. For example, limited insurance coverage is one of the vital aspects which focuses on the limitations in the insurance policies provided through OCIP to contractors. This acts as a barrier which the contractors have to face in this policy. Further, is the complicated bidding which highlights on the view that if bidding is done with the contractors of the United States, the insurance also gets included. The contractors would not be able to recover

Land Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Land Law - Essay Example It can be seen that Piers’ behaviour is lawful given that he lawfully entered into a contract with Rupert where an agreement of sale of the house was reached between the two. A contract can be loosely described as a legally binding agreement between two parties (Gibson, 1988). Certain elements need to exist in the formation of a contract. In order for a contract to be legally binding, there should be an agreement between the two parties involved. According to Harvey v Facey [1893] AC552, every contract should consist of an offer made by one party and accepted by the other. If it involves buying and selling, the seller agrees to sell something and the buyer agrees to pay for the goods or products being sold. Thus, sale of goods or property is regarded as a legally binding contract. After buying the Sun House, Piers became the legal owner of the place and is entitled to full control of it hence his behaviour is legal when he makes the changes described above. This agreement of s ale is silent about the existence of a tenant, Heather who has a legal two year contract of renting the place. However, this agreement was made between her and Rupert, the previous owner. In actual fact, it is Rupert who was supposed to redefine Heather’s contract since he was selling the property to another new owner. Rupert could also have raised the issue with the new owner of the place if he was willing to accommodate this sitting tenant at the premises. However, this is not the case so Piers has the right to enjoy freedom at his newly acquired property. Indeed, this action can affect Heather who is unaware of what is happening but it is advisable to Piers that his behaviour is legal. On the agreement of sale of the house it is not stated that there is a tenant living there so there is no way Piers can be sued for something which he is not part of. By virtue of ordering Charlotte not to use his front drive, it is also advisable that his behaviour is within the legal confi nes of the law. The law of the land states that every person has a right to ownership to property and owners are protected by the laws of trespass to land. This can be supported by the case of Winder v. DPP [1996] 160 J.P.R 713, where the defendants were charged and convicted of aggravated trespass for intentionally disturbing a fox hunt on private property. As the new owner of the Sun House, Piers has a right to enjoy freedom without interference by trespassers hence his behaviour can be said to be lawful. Charlotte has to abide by the rules of the new owner of the place and she has to find another alternative route. In case of Jude who contributed 33% when the Sun House was initially purchased, it can be noted that Piers also has the right to tell him to leave. In the agreement of sale of the house, it was clearly spelled that Rupert was the sole owner of the place. In fact, it is Rupert who misrepresented the facts so this may not be a problem of the new owner of the house who bo ught it in faith on the basis of information he obtained from the seller when they entered into this particular agreement. A critical analysis of this case shows that Piers’ behaviour is lawful though it has a negative impact on the other parties affected as discussed above. 2. When Kevin the property developer finished renovating the previously dilapidated houses he bought, he

The impact on globalization in hospitality industry Essay

The impact on globalization in hospitality industry - Essay Example What is the impact of global marketing with regard to positioning and branding? The complexity of globalization is presented here as the positive and negative effects, implication to local government’s tourism policies and marketing strategies of the hospitality industry. Globalization has encouraged all kinds of people from all over the world to visit places of interest, to make business, study or to take a leisure vacation. As such, it is not rare to find different races of people gather in a place. What is the implication of this? This eliminates discrimination, brings cultural interaction and makes them understand each other. A friendly environment is created regardless of the color of skin. This gives an opportunity to managers of the hospitality industry to prepare a marketing plan that would suit to the individual culture and preferences of guests for a more profitable tourism. It makes managers understand different cultures. (scribd.com) Purposes of travel of people have increased the market base for the whole industry, as now, people travel not only for holidays, but for other reasons too. In India, statistics show an annual 13% growth rate in tourism. In 2006, tourists’ number is 4 million as compared to 2.06 million in 2002. (India tourism, statistics and figure 2004) Tourists’ arrival in China is 21 million in 2009. From this figure, a large number of tourists come from Asia, followed by travelers from Europe, and then visitors from America. Asian visitors go to China for sightseeing and leisure as the first priority, meeting business second reason, to work as third and, visiting relatives as last purpose. . (China National Tourist Office) As visitors come in to a tourist destination, they spend money that causes a multiplier effect in the economy. It has contributed to the GDP of countries; China, for instance has a total of approximately 5,201 hotels, a growth of nearly 20% since 1996. This represents a total of

The Seeds of Ageism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Seeds of Ageism - Assignment Example Ageism is an amalgamation of stereotypes beliefs, discrimination behaviors, prejudice evaluations. Ageism is attributed to the changing demographic trends in various part of the world. Life expectancy is enhanced as a result people live for a longer duration and may lead a healthy life (Marques Presentation FLARE31Aug). According to the United Nations aging index, the number of individuals above the age of 60 years is equal to the number of individuals between the age of 0- 14 years this highlight the fact that elderly people are equal in number to the young population. Further, Europe witnessed an aging index of 136.2 in 2007 while it is anticipated to enhance to 229.7 in 2050 (Ageism in Europe). These data indicate that there is going to be a drastic alteration in population structure in future which is going to have lasting implication on the society in terms of labor markets, growth both economic and developmental, the behavior of consumer as well as health systems. These implications are not ordinary to overlook as they are going to change the structure of the society. Health systems are going to affect to a greater extent as they have to witness new paradigms. Ignorance of any kind leads to prejudice or ageism. Ageism has a negative implication and it depicts the attitude an individual display towards elderly people. According to Nelson (2002), Older adults in the United States tend to be marginalized, institutionalized and stripped of accountability, supremacy and eventually their distinction. Considering the history, people used to respect their elders and provided them great regard and respect, they were considered to be guide and teachers who are experienced to help them to reach the solution in case if any problem arise. It was considered to be divine if one lives for more than 50 years of age (Branco and Williamson, 1982).  

Reflective journal Essay Example for Free

Reflective journal Essay My third week of clinical placement at Trillium Hospital assigned on the same unit and same patient. Arrive early in the lobby of 4J Rehab meet with our Clinical Instructor and group mates. Started with pre-conference had briefing for the day activities assigned as schedule to be with our Clinical Instructor in giving 10:00 am medications. After the briefing, I went to the station where, met my new preceptor , exchange of greetings little bit of introduction about me and her. We started by taking the endorsement from the outgoing night shift nurse. Review the plan of care of our assigned patient. She asked to get the manual Blood Pressure Apparatus and handed me her pager. I was thinking why the pager. She notice me in confusion of the pager, she just smiled and said â€Å" I want you to feel your the real nurse and I am just your assistant†, dont worry I am at your side† just answered â€Å"ok†. We went to each patient room, greeted patient, took the vital signs, recorded it my notebook, does the head to toe assessment . After all of these activities we went back to the nurses station where I do the documentation with regards to patients vital signs. At around 9:00 in the morning we do the morning care for each patient, I had the chance to assist her male stroke patient change his catheter. We finished around 9:30 and had our break. After the break 10:00 Am time to give the medication for my assigned patient together with my preceptor as per schedule. My assigned patient is male 51 years old Spanish who has an Ileostomy case. The medication that I was going to give are pain medications and for his hypertension. My clinical instructor asked me also about the medication routes, and the classification of the drugs. So thankful to her my Clinical Instructor she is so kind and willing to give us all the information we need to learn. I also documented in the MAR sheet, signed the drugs that I gave. I also had the chance of changing the dressing of my assigned patient, Ileostomy case. Prepared the materials needed for the procedure. Feeling nervous at the beginning, my first time to do this kind of dressing, packing ribbon on an stoma. With my preceptor around who is so cooperative and teaching me the proper way to do it I feel confident and grateful to her too. Me and my group mates had also the chance to watch doing the bladder scanner knowing the amount of urine in the bladder. One of my group mates did the in and out catetherization, but unfortunately it did work out, something is blocking maybe pus. I also helped the transferring of patient from bed to wheel chair using the manual Hoyer Lift. Get tired that day but happy I learned a lot of challenges, having this positive attitude, experiences during my clinical duty I know I can handle and deal with the situations that I will be encoutering.

A Look At Three Types Of Price Searchers Economics Essay

A Look At Three Types Of Price Searchers Economics Essay A monopoly is a firm producing a commodity for which there is no close substitute. There are usually some forms of barriers of entry. It is difficult to define a pure monopoly as close substitutes are difficult to define. For example, there are no close substitutes for cigarettes, but there are many substitutes for Marlboro. 1.1 Characteristics à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Features (a) Only one seller. (b) Restricted entry by barriers. (c) Market information is not free and perfect. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Barriers to entry (a) Legal barriers create legal monopolies. (i) Public franchise: exclusive right to run a business, e.g. TVB. (ii) Government licence: exclusive right to entry into a business, e.g. taxi licence. (iii) Patent: exclusive right to use an invention, e.g. right to produce a drug. (b) Natural barriers create natural monopolies. (i) The average cost falls over a large volume of output before it rises. LRAC would be lower if an industry were under monopoly than if it was shared between two or more competitors. (ii) Control the supply of an essential raw material, e.g. most diamond mines in the world are controlled by De Beers Ltd. (iii) Economies of scale: The large fixed cost of production requires a large output to pull down the average cost, e.g. electricity generated by China Light Power Ltd. 1.2 Output And Price Decisions Definition A single-price monopoly is one that charges the same price for every unit of output it sells. The monopoly must decide how much to produce and what price to charge. It is a price-searcher. Definition A price searcher is a seller with sufficient market power to set its price by adjusting supply. Since there is only one firm in the industry, the demand curve of the firm is also the demand curve of the industry, and the seller faces a downward sloping demand curve. Table 1 illustrates the demand function of a petrol station. The marginal revenue is less than and falls faster than the price charged. The price is also equal to average revenue (AR). Table 1: Demand and marginal revenue Price (P, $/Litre) Quantity Demanded (Q) Total Revenue (TR = P x Q, $) Marginal Revenue (MR = ΆTR = ΆQ) ($/Extra Litre) 18 0 0 16 1 16 16 14 2 28 12 12 3 36 8 10 4 40 4 The monopoly maximises its profit by producing the level of output to MR = MC. Given the total cost as in Table 2, we can find that the best output level to maximise profit is at three litres, where both MC and MR are equal. The price charged is $12. Table 2: Demand and marginal cost Price (P, $/Litre) Quantity Demanded (Q) Total Revenue (TR=P x Q, $) Marginal revenue (MR = ΆTR / ΆQ, $/Extra Litre) Total Cost (TC, $) Marginal Cost ($/Extra Liter) 18 0 0 15 16 1 16 16 18 3 14 2 28 12 22 4 12 3 36 8 30 8 10 4 40 4 41 11 Graphically, the same conclusion can be derived in Figure 1. Figure 1 A monopolys output and price The price is determined by demand curve corresponding to the equilibrium quantity at which the MR equals to MC. The profit or loss is again determined by the ATC with reference to the quantity sold and the price charged. Owing to barriers to entry, economic profits will not be eliminated away in the long run. The only difference between short-run and long-run equilibrium is that in the long run, the firm will produce where MR = LRMC. 1.3 Single-price Monopoly Versus Perfect Competition A monopoly and perfect competition are two completely different market structures leading to different price and output decisions. We can summarise their differences as follows: Perfect Competition Monopoly à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Price-taker à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Monopoly influences its price à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Produce where MR = MC à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Produce where MR = MC à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ P = MR = MC à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ P > MC; P > MR à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No barriers to entry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Restricts output, charges a higher price In terms of output, a monopoly is always accused of restricting output in order to push the price above the marginal cost. This is known as allocative inefficiency, leading to loss in social welfare. In Figure 2, PM and QM are the price and output decisions of a monopoly, which are less than the corresponding output and price decisions in perfect competition. We can see that the PC and PM for perfect competition are set at P = AR = MR = MC. Figure 2 Price and output decisions in a monopoly and in perfect competition Similarly, the output level is reduced from QC to QM, which will hurt both consumers and producers in terms of loss in consumer surplus and producer surplus. The sum of such loss is known as deadweight loss. Definition A deadweight loss is a loss to society that cannot be recovered. Figure 3 Inefficiency of a monopoly In Figure 3, some of the losses of consumers have been captured by the producer as monopoly gain. However, there is still deadweight loss as illustrated by the area of the triangle. In this respect, a monopoly reduces the potential gain to society in term of social welfare. 1.4 Shortcomings Of A Monopoly A monopoly has the following shortcomings: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Higher price and lower output than under perfect competition in both short run and long run. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Possibility of higher cost due to lack of competition. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Unequal distribution of income as income concentrates on monopolies. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lack of incentive in invention and innovation. 1.5 Advantages Of A Monopoly A monopoly has the following advantages: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Economies of scale. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Possibility of lower cost curve due to more research and development and more incentives. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ I nnovation and new products. 2. Monopolistic Competition The second type of price-searcher is monopolistic competition. Definition Monopolistic competition consists of features of perfect competition and monopoly. A firm in such a market structure is also referred to as open market price-searcher as it is not protected by barriers. 2.1 Characteristics à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Large number of sellers (a) Each firm has a small market share. (b) This implies independence of firms. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Freedom of entry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Product differentiation Each firm has some market power over its loyal customer. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Each sellers product is a close substitute for many other sellers products (a) Products are made slightly different from others, i.e. differentiation. Definition In differentiation, products are made slightly different from others by brand, packaging, sales location and services. (b) Non-price competition is common. 2.2 Demand Curve Because of product differentiation, a firm can raise its price without losing all its customers. Therefore, the demand curve is downward sloping because a price rise results in the loss of some, but not all customers. The demand curve is relatively elastic because of substitutes from other firms. However, the actual elasticity depends on the degree of product differentiation. Generally, the less differentiated the product is, the more elastic the demand will be, and vice versa. 2.3 Price And Output Determination 2.3.1 Short run A firm in monopolistic competition faces a downward sloping demand curve. The marginal revenue (MR) curve of the firm in monopolistic competition is downward sloping. The profit is maximised where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. The profit-maximising output level is determined by the intersection of MR and MC curves. The profit-maximising price is determined by the demand curve. The firm can make a normal profit, an economic profit or a loss, depending on the difference between the price and the average total cost. Since each firm is small and has market power, no single firm can effectively influence what other firms do. If one firm changes its price, this action has no effect on the actions of the other firms. Figure 4 Monopolistic competition in the short run 2.3.2 Long run Economic profits in the short run will attract new entrants. When new firms enter, they share the market demand. The existing firms demand curve shifts inwards, representing less demand. This process continues until all economic profits are exhausted. When only normal profits remain, there is no incentive for new entrants. In Figure 5, the price and quantity are $140 and 60 units respectively. As the price is just equal to ATC, there is no economic profit. Figure 5 Monopolistic competition in the long run The long-run equilibrium will be a position where the downward sloping demand curve is tangent to the LRAC curve. However, the demand curve will never be tangent to the bottom of LRAC because it is downward sloping. The profit-maximising output is 60 units and price is $140. The firm in monopolistic competition has excess capacity as it does not produce at the optimum level of output where the LRAC is the lowest. Figure 6 Excess capacity in monopolistic competition 2.4 Shortcomings Monopolistic competition has the following disadvantages: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Owing to monopoly power, long-run equilibrium brings a higher price and lower output than perfect competition. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Owing to downward sloping demand curve, the firms demand curve will never be tangent to the bottom of the LRAC curve, implying that it will not produce at the least-cost point. Therefore, product differentiation in monopolistic competition creates excess capacity (i.e. creates inefficiency). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Less scope for economies of scale as share among many sellers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lack of economic profits in the long run for research and development. 2.5 Advantages Monopolistic competition has the following advantages: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Demand curve is highly elastic due to the large number of substitutes. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Diversity of products is available. (However, it has been argued that the cost of diversity is excess capacity which is a type of inefficiency.) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Greater freedom of entry when compared with monopoly. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Absence of economic profits in the long run helps to keep prices down for consumers. 3. Oligopoly Definition An oligopoly occurs when only a few firms share a large proportion of the industry. 3.1 Characteristics à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Few number of sellers Competition among a few, e.g. two to 20. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Products may be identical or differentiated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Barriers to entry Entry may be relatively difficult or impossible (e.g. petroleum). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Interdependence of firms Oligopolists react to the pricing policy of rivals. The outcome is that there is no single generally accepted theory of oligopoly. Firms may react differently and unpredictably. A firms policy will depend on how it thinks its competitors will react to its move and the consequence depends on how its competitors really react. 3.2 Collusion And Competition The interdependence of firms in an oligopoly drives firms into one of the following two incompatible policies: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Collusive oligopoly: Oligopolists have formal or tacit agreement to limit competition among themselves to reduce uncertainty. For example, they may set output quotas, fix prices and limit product promotion. The typical collusive oligopoly is a cartel price leadership. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Non-collusive oligopoly: There is no formal agreement among oligopolists. Firms compete for bigger shares of industry profits. 3.3 Collusive Oligopoly A typical collusive oligopoly has these features: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Cartel Firms acts like a monopoly to maximise industry profits. (a) Cartel by non-price competition: Market price is set by joint profit maximisation and each firm observes that price. However, they compete for customers in the form of non-price competition. (b) Cartel by quotas: Another way is to set the price by joint profit maximisation. Each firm observes that price, but each firm will take its share or quota of the total quantity demanded at the controlled price. Thus, both cases require adherence to the price-setting by joint profit-maximisation among oligopolists. The only difference is whether the quantity demanded at the controlled price is competed among the firms in the form of non-price competition or is divided among themselves in the form of quotas. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Price leadership The demand curve of price leader represents the market share of the leader. The leader first maximises its profits at the point where leaders MC = MR. The corresponding price of leaders demand curve becomes the market price which every other firm has to follow. The leader supplies at its equilibrium quantity and the followers supply the rest representing the difference between market demand and leaders supply. 3.4 Kinked Demand Curve Model There are many theories to explain different kinds of phenomena in oligopoly. One such theory, the kinked demand curve, is put forward by Paul M. Sweezy to explain the price rigidity or sticky price in an oligopoly industry. Assumptions: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ If a firm raises its price, others will not follow. Thus, the demand curve will be more elastic in this range. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ If a firm cuts its price, so will the other firms. The demand curve in this range will be less elastic. These assumptions result in the kinked demand curve. In Figure 7, because the demand curve has kinked, the MR has broken as is illustrated by the gap between a and b on the graph. And the output and price would be the same even though the MC rises due to the same level by the equality of MR and MC. Thus, the price will be sticky when the cost increases within a certain range. Figure 7 The kinked demand curve 3.5 Shortcomings An oligopoly has the following disadvantages: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Shares all the same disadvantages of monopoly, as discussed earlier in this chapter. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Less scope for economies of scale than monopoly. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ More extensive advertising than monopoly, e.g. non-price competition. 3.6 Advantages An oligopoly has the following advantages: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Economic profits: returns for research and development. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Incentive for innovation: for capturing larger market share. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Greater choice: non-price competition through product differentiation. 4. FACTOR MARKET For the production of goods and services, a firm has to acquire factors of production. The markets for factors of production are similar to those of the product market, as they can be categorised into perfect or imperfect markets. The demand for a factor of production is dependent upon the demand of goods that use the factor. Hence, the demand for factors of production is a derived demand. Definition Derived demand is demand for a productive resource that results from the demand for the goods and services produced by the resource. Figure 8 Illustration of the factor and product markets Factor payment is the income for the owner of the factor of production for use of the factor over a period of time. The factor income for labour, land, capital and entrepreneurship are wages, rent, interest and normal profit respectively. In a perfectly competitive factor market, the factor payment is determined by the forces of demand and supply. Figure 9 Demand and supply in the factor market 5. MARGINAL PRODUCTIVITY THEORY This theory explains that the demand for a factor depends on the marginal revenue product (MRP) of the factor. Definition Marginal revenue product (MRP) is the additional sales revenue resulting from employing an additional worker. Marginal product (MP) is the extra output produced by the additional worker. The MP curve is downward sloping because of the law of diminishing returns. MRP = MP (factor) x MR (goods) The MRP curve is downward sloping from left to right. It is identical in shape to the MP curve because MR (i.e. price of a good) is constant under perfect competition in the product market. Figure 10 Marginal product for labour and marginal revenue product 6. DEMAND FOR A FACTOR Marginal cost (MC) is the extra cost of employing an additional unit of factor of production. In a perfectly competitive factor market, a firms MC graph for a factor is horizontal because the firm is facing a perfectly elastic supply of the factor. Therefore, MC = Price of the factor (i.e. MC of labour = Wages) 6.1 Profit Maximisation The firm maximises profits when: Marginal cost of hiring an extra unit of labour = Marginal revenue from the labours output to the firm In equilibrium, MC (labour) / Wages (factor price) = MRP Hence, the firms demand curve for labour is identical to its MRP curve. Figure 11 Demand for labour The market demand curve for labour is the sum of quantities of labour demanded by all firms at each wage rate. Chapter Review à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A monopoly is a price-searcher who is a seller with sufficient market power to set his price by adjusting supply. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The monopoly maximises its profit by producing the level of output to MR = MC. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A monopoly restricts output in order to push price above the marginal cost. Such allocative inefficiency leads to a loss in social welfare. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Because of product differentiation, a firm in monopolistic competition can raise its price without losing all its customers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The firm in monopolistic competition has excess capacity as it does not produce at the optimum level of output where the LRAC is the lowest. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Due to the interdependence of firms, oligopolists react to the pricing policy of their rivals. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The kinked demand curve explains that the price will be sticky when the cost increases within a certain range. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A firm will maximise profits when the marginal cost of hiring an extra unit of labour = the marginal revenue from the labours output to the firm What You Need To Know à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Monopoly: A firm producing a commodity for which there is no close substitute. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Deadweight loss: Loss to society that cannot be recovered. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Single-price monopoly: Monopoly that charges the same price for every unit of output it sells. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Monopolistic competition: This market structure consists of features of perfect competition and monopoly. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Differentiation: Products are made slightly different from others by brand, packaging, sales location and services. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Oligopoly: Only a few firms share a large proportion of the industry. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Derived demand: Demand for a productive resource that results from the demand for the goods and services produced by the resource. Work Them Out 1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a monopoly? A The monopolist faces an inelastic demand for its product B There is only one seller in the market C Barriers of entry exist D The monopolist can influence the price 2. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A As an oligopolist responds to competitors actions, it can be considered a perfectly competitive firm. B Products in an oligopoly may be differentiated. C A cartel is like a monopolist with power to maximise industry profit. D Oligopoly is a market structure favourable to collusion. 3. The characteristic of a monopoly is A its large scale of production B the existence of barriers to entry C the huge initial investment D the necessity for a large market 4. A natural monopoly exists when A a franchise is granted to a firm B economies of scale are necessary C a firm can prevent the entry of competitors D a firm specialises in natural resources extraction 5. The monopolist can make economic profits because A entry is prevented B it charges a high product price C it has low promotion costs D it has a large market share 6. Economic profits earned by a monopolist are most likely due to A barriers of entry B an unexpected rise in the price of its product C good luck D the rate of return allowed by the government 7. Which of the following is NOT a feature of oligopoly? A Only a few firms dominate the industry. B There are no barriers to entry into the industry. C The product may be either homogeneous or differentiated. D Firms in an oligopoly face downward-sloping demand curves. 8. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of monopolistic competition? A A single price exists for similar goods. B Only normal profit exists in the long run. C Products are differentiated. D Excess capacity exists in the long run. 9. Which of the following statements is NOT true? A There are numerous sellers in perfect competition. B Products are differentiated in monopolistic competition. C Firms in perfect competition maximise profits. D Information is perfect in monopolistic competition. 10. What is the likely market structure of coffee shops in Hong Kong? A Monopoly B Oligopoly C Monopolistic competition D Perfect competition SHORT QUESTIONS What factor(s) enable(s) a monopoly to earn economic profits in the long run? Why do perfectly competitive firms maximise their profits by producing so that their marginal cost equals the price, but monopolists maximise their profits by setting a price that is greater than marginal costs? What are the characteristics of a market that allows a monopolist to successfully price discriminate between groups? Explain how a firm in an oligopoly can differentiate its product. ESSAY QUESTIONS 1. Peters Toy Factory, a single-price monopoly, has the following demand schedule and total cost for luxury toys: Quantity (Toys) Price ($/Toy) Total Cost ($) 0 10 1 1 8 3 2 6 7 3 4 13 4 2 21 5 0 31 Calculate Peters total revenue schedule. Calculate Peters marginal revenue schedule. Calculate Peters profit-maximising levels of : (i) output (ii) price (iii) marginal cost (iv) marginal revenue (v) profit 2. Mr Ma started a recycling business in Hong Kong this month. He employs students to sort and collect bottles, paying 10 cents for each bottle collected. The students can sort the following number of bottles in an hour. Number Of Students Number Of Bottles 1 200 2 450 3 750 4 1,150 5 1,450 6 1,700 7 1,900 8 2,050 9 2,150 (a) Why does the students marginal product decline? (b) If all other firms pay the students $25 an hour to collect bottles, how many students will Mr Ma hire? If the fee for each collected bottle rises to 12.5 cents and the students wages increases to $37.50 an hour, (c) Calculate and show the changes to the students marginal revenue product in a table. (d) How many students will Mr Ma hire?

Is Low Self Esteem Linked To Racism?

Is Low Self Esteem Linked To Racism? In the US, racism is a very familiar issue. Racism manifests itself in various ways including police brutality against minorities, racial profiling and affirmative action. Issue like the history of slavery and the rising resentment against immigrants are also quite well known. The truth is, racism is not a thing of the past. Perhaps it has reduced in the past century, but it is still quite alive today. Eradicating racism is one of those processes that cannot happen in an instant, but they happen over a long period of time. Slowly, but surely, we are moving in a positive direction. Low self-esteem has become a frequently repeated explanation for social and personal problems ranging from young peoples involvement in violent crimes to personal failures and racist behaviors. According to psychologists who have researched the topic, racism is about real power, it is not just something that people randomly think about. Social issues like racism are quite complex and multilayered. It partly has to do with issues of economics, political power, and domination. It is also based on how people perceive, interpret, and value differences. Basically, people act in ways that align with their perceptions. People define circumstances in ways that are real to them and also according to the values that they were raised with. It is true that racial groups have things that make them distinct; however people sometimes dwell on negative distinctions as opposed to the positive ones. We humans tend to emphasize stereotypes that relate to our most closely held values. For instance, a group that values intellect may be quick to see another group as inferior in intelligence. Similarly, if loyalty is valued by a group, then it may label others as disloyal. It seems that racism helps racists feel good about themselves and their racial group by focusing on comparisons with other groups. These issues are what give these groups an identity. There are many ways in which people try to feel better about themselves; as individuals and as a group. Seemingly, everyone likes to believe that their racial group is unique but people tend to overestimate the level of positive attributes present in the group. On the other hand, when it comes to negative qualities, people tend to underestimate those. Racism can develop because of limited information. As humans, we find ourselves putting people in categories like good versus bad and friend versus foe. Without these generalized concepts and categories, getting through the day would be highly demanding. Categorization helps us take shortcuts and helps us become more efficient in making decisions. Also, racism towards other groups often leads to feelings of anxiety when we encounter the members of other racial groups. When we are anxious, we tend to avoid what makes us anxious. We simply avoid contact with individuals by hiring someone else for a job, striking up friendships with someon e else we feel more comfortable with, and sitting down at the lunch table with those who seem to be more like us. Racism may help us feel better about ourselves, we avoid challenging our thinking. In other words, we become defensive and protective of our opinions and only reluctantly question our thought patterns. And these ways of thinking helps protect not only our self-esteem, but also privileges and benefits that we have as members of a racial group. For example, racist discrimination which in the past has limited slots available to minority groups at universities has benefitted the majority population by making more slots available to its members. So, maintaining our racist views of others allows us to feel better about our own group and to avoid challenging unfair social practices that benefit us. Furthermore, we as humans seem to put effort into maintaining our views of the world. For example, we may pay attention to information that supports our views. The more strongly we hold a stereotype, the more we tend to remember confirming information about that racial group. For instance, the more we believe that Asian people cannot drive, the more likely we will remember incidents which seem to support these views. We also discount or rationalize information that is contradictory to our belief system. People who do not act according to our stereotype of them stand out to us as different. For example the Black person who is intelligent articulate and the Asian man who is a good driver become exceptions to the rule, but the rule remains. It is almost like when we see someone from a different racial group, we look for those stereotypes that align with our thinking. Racism, Violence Immigrants in the workplace The U.S. legislative system is currently battling over the Immigration bill for workers. Resistance is fierce in the House of Congress to any plan to legalize the estimated 12 million illegal immigrants or to create a program of millions of guest workers who would in turn be put on a path to citizenship. No one accuses House leaders of acting out of racism, but some say they are responding to constituents who are. The House leadership needs to show some progress on the immigration issue to soothe angry anti-immigrant forces in the country. But the President and Senate want guest workers and a path to citizenship as part of any deal. The Democratic allegations of racism may sound like just another political strategy, but there certainly is a case to be made that racial fears are fueling some of the debate on the immigration policy. The political demand to seal the U.S.-Mexico border, and the Presidents new proposal to send 6,000 members of the Army to help, is supposed to be based on national security. But why then is no one proposing sending additional troops to secure the U.S.-Canada border? Most people want to know if the U.S. is trying to stop primarily undocumented Mexican workers rather than terrorists from crossing the border. Figuring out just how many immigrants, Hispanics or otherwise, to let into the country each year is exactly what lawmakers ought to be trying to do as they undertake immigration reform. Setting immigration targets that are in the countrys interest is, after all, the point of having an immigration policy to begin with. Policymakers should be asking questions like: what kinds of skills does America need to import? And how many of them do they need? What advantage is there is in allowing family members to join new citizens, as is currently the policy? Just as important, the debate could address the issue of race head-on: should ethnicity be a factor in granting citizenship? But until politicians define the goals of American immigration policy; who and how many do we want and for what reason, it will be impossible to eliminate the influence of ant i-immigrant forces who, whether racist or not, draw dubious conclusions and make misleading statements. In Canada, immigration reform needs to take place especially to protect long-term care facility workers who are immigrants. Long-term care facility workers include nurses, physical therapists, occupational therapists, administrators etc. Canadian long-term care facilities are violent and dangerous workplaces. This need not be the case, a study found that 43% of personal support workers endure physical violence at work on a daily basis, while another quarter face such violence every week. Most are women, and many are immigrants or from minority racial groups. Violence is a constant and ongoing part of their job. In contrast, they found that levels of violence are much lower in Nordic countries, indicating that the high level of violence in Canadian facilities is exceptional and not a necessary feature of work in long-term care. The study is part of a larger project comparing Canadian long-term care facilities with Nordic European countries. Violence in long-term care is not just a workers issue. It is an immigration issue. The vast majority of care-giving staff are women, many of whom are immigrants and women of color. Personal support workers are the ones who suffer the most. The fact is that much of the violence occurs during direct care activities. Because personal support workers provide the bulk of direct care, they are most frequently exposed to violence. This does not imply that violence does not have an impact on other workers. In fact, the researchers found that 16.8% of registered nurses and 24.6% of licensed practical nurses, and registered nursing assistants experience violence on a daily basis. These numbers are shocking, but they do not come close to the prevalence of daily violence for personal support workers (43%). Workers at 71 unionized long-term care facilities in Manitoba, Ontario and Nova Scotia were surveyed about their experiences of physical violence, unwanted sexual attention and racial comments. They also took part in focus group discussions. The workers were nearly seven times more likely to experience daily violence than workers in Nordic European countries like Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Researchers also identified racism and structural violence. This stems from severe working conditions for caregivers who are committed to caring but robbed of the resources to do so. The researchers concluded that long-term caregivers work under conditions that not only foster violence but also render it invisible. Most violent incidents go unreported. Workers are afraid to report violent incidents, fearing that they will be blamed. Or they simply do not have the time to do so because of the paperwork involved. The verbal violence experienced by care workers often includes threats, screaming, cursing, racial insults, and demeaning remarks. The physical violence experienced by care workers typically includes being slapped or hit with an object. It frequently involves being pinched, bitten, having ones hair pulled, being poked or spit on. Having ones wrists painfully twisted is also common. Unwanted sexual attention was also frequently experienced by those surveyed. Approximately one third said they experienced unwanted sexual attention on a daily or weekly basis. Over 11% of the staff said they encountered racist comments on a daily or weekly basis. According to the research, this is likely an underestimation of workplace racism. A large number of workers from minority groups work in large urban centers with high likelihood of racism. Also, the questionnaires were available only in English and workers were required to fill them out alone, so workers with language barriers are underrepresented. In focus group discussions, many workers reported that they personally experienced or overheard racism at work. Long-term care workers link violence and racism with working conditions. Having too much to do, working with too little time and too few resources places workers in dangerous situations. Working short-staffed is a major contributor. Canadian personal support workers reported that they routinely work short-staffed. Almost half say they do so every day. And over one third felt that they are too often left alone to care for residents. When these working conditions were compared to those of the citizens of Nordic countries, they just could not match up. Immigrants and minorities are simply not treated the same as non-immigrants and non-minorities. What can one person do? I recently read the story of a lady who currently resides in Canada but was born in the Philippines. A few years ago, the woman had a very difficult decision to make. She gave birth to her son in Canada and had the impossible choice between an impoverished life for him in the Philippines, or leaving him with strangers in Canada. Now Salvador, a Filipino migrant domestic worker in Montreal, is campaigning against what she calls the systemic racism and sexism of the Canadian governments Live-in Caregiver program. Salvador entered Canada in 1995 as one of thousands of Filipino workers in the Live-in Caregiver Program (LCP). The LCP is an initiative of Citizenship and Immigration Canada, allowing foreign workers (almost always women) to enter Canada as domestic workers living in their employers home. Salvador earns $271 for a 49-hour week and after taxes takes home $221. After completing 24 months of work within 3 years of arriving, caregivers are allowed to apply for landed immigrant status. For Salvador, the choice to come to Canada was a matter of life and death for her family. She felt that she had no choice but to move to Canada. Even with the LCP, applicants pay fees to their own government, to the Canadian and Quebec governments, to the employment agency, and for their travel. For Salvador this amounted to over $4700 Canadian. This was such a large sum of money for Salvador and she struggled to gather the money. Colonialism and global capitalism have created a situation in the Philippines where its economy is dependent on transnational corporations, where low-wage contract work, poverty and unemployment are rampant, and where 2000 workers leave the country daily in search of a livelihood. It seems like the Canadian governments need for cheap labor and the Labor Export Policy of the Philippines makes the LCP a functional system. The government of the Philippines systematically pushes Filipinos out of the country, so that they can earn money abroad. Meanwhile, there are millions of dollars being sent back to the Philippines by these migrants. Salvador has been elected vice-chairperson of Pinay, a Filipino womens advocacy and support organization. Pinay gives caregivers information, advice, and guidance through the problems they may encounter with employers, agencies, and the government. Many of its members are current and former caregivers who call strongly for the LCP to be overhauled or abolished. The Canadian Filipino community in general also wants the program scrapped and campaigns across Canada on the issue. Critics of the LCP say that significant problems arise for migrant workers under the program. As caregivers live in the home, they often work unpaid overtime, including extra tasks such as cleaning, cooking and tutoring. Theoretically, live-in caregivers are granted basic rights such as access to employment insurance, pregnancy leave, overtime pay, vacations and paid holidays. The law states that people with complaints about their employers should file them with the appropriate Commissioner in Quebec. And if the caregiver is fired, they are still allowed to find another employer in the meantime. But there is a gap between the theory and the reality that caregivers face. One problem Salvador finds with this procedure is that if a caregiver is fired, whether or not she files a complaint, the 4-6 month waiting period for a new work permit is too long. In Salvadors case, when her employers learned she was pregnant, they fired her. She was not allowed to work between permits, eventually could not fulfill the 24-month requirement. She says some employers considered her to be unwanted. In contrast, a pregnant colleague heeded her employers suggestion to have an abortion, kept her job, and eventually became an immigrant. Salvador was unable to fulfill the immigration requirements because she was pregnant, gave birth and was fired. If she was a man, of course she would have no problem fulfilling the 24 months. Salvador did not comply with her first order to leave the country, as she has filed an appeal to remain in Canada on humanitarian grounds. She met with an immigration official, however, and was told to leave the country or be deported by force. According to Salvadors affidavit, the immigration officer found that the applicants volunteer work with three local community organizations did not show integration into Canadian society, because the organizations exist to help persons of Filipino origin. When a local member of the National Action Committee of the Status of Women found out about the situation, she was outraged. She could not believe that helping the Filipino Canadian community was not considered tangible. This is pure discrimination and racism. Furthermore, although an employer made known his willingness to hire her, the immigration officer expressed doubts that Salvador could find a job in Canada. But throughout her irregular employment, she had never let herself become a burden to the Canadian government. Neither was she ever a burden to the government of her country. Some of the caregivers were skilled workers such as nurses or accountants in the Philippines, but in Canada are confined to domestic care giving, jobs that Canadians do not want to do. Salvador was always willing to be a care giver, as long as she is able to obtain residency status. All she wants is a better life for her family. For example, when Canada brought in foreign nurses to fill demand, they were given status. In fact, the work of care givers allows both Canadian parents to work and contribute to Canadian society. Care givers also contribute taxes and fees to the Canadian government, which is if great benefit to them. Salvador points out that the Canadian government saves money importing the cheaper labor of women from developing countries, instead of instituting a national childcare program. Basically, the government is filling a public need with a private solution. Her affidavit states that the immigration officer suggested that her son should be left behind in Canada. It is believed that he would not suffer trauma due to separation from only one parent, as he has never seen his father. How outrageous this is. Salvadors lawyer argues that Salvador and her son should remain in Canada for humanitarian reasons. Her son is a Canadian citizen, and as a result he has all the rights accorded to a Canadian citizen, including the Constitutional right to live in Canada. If the mother is deported, his rights would be violated, either the right to live in Canada if deported along with his mother, or the right to security of the person if he stays in Canada because he would be separated from his mother, the only parent he has ever know. Salvador was refused an extension on her work permit. She should theoretically be granted all the rights and access to services of any other Canadian citizen, including access to health care. Salvador was not able, however, to renew her sons Medicare card when her employment authorization ran out. The Campaign to Stop the Exploitation of Melca Salvador has included many community members and students in research, letter-writing campaigns, media outreach, raising legal funds, organizing demonstrations, and distributing information. Petitions and letters of support have been received from migrant worker communities around the world. Their press release states that LCP critics insist deporting women live-in caregivers such as Salvador and others in several recent cases, is unjust on humanitarian grounds. These women are not disposable commodities that Canada can use and dump at will. Demands for the Canadian government include allowing Salvador to remain in Canada with her son Richard, recognizing the rights and contributions of foreign caregivers and nannies to Canada, granting Melca and all LCP workers residency now, and abolishing the LCP as it now exists. In many cases these women are overworked and underpaid but because they have to complete 24 months of work within 3 years just to apply for residency status, they put up with it. Campaign members are organizing a Canada-wide day of protest in support of Salvador, which is Thursday, October 19th. They hope to reverse her deportation order so that she can stay with her son. Unfortunately, the federal government does not seem ready to hear their critiques of the LCP. It does not seem like there are any changes planned for the LCP, not even a re-evaluation of the programs impact. Recently, several Canadian Filipino activists insisted on meeting Canadas Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, to discuss their co ncerns. Conclusion By changing our behavior, for example, putting ourselves in close situations with members of other racial groups, we increase our familiarity with these individuals. As we become more familiar with them, we naturally see that we are more alike than different. Not all contact will lead to positive attitude changes. It seems the contact is best if structured; encounters among equals who are cooperating to achieve a common goal. These kinds of behavioral activities are some of the most effective ways to change prejudice against people of other races.

A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay: The Importance of Setting

The Importance of Setting in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream  Ã‚      The two locations of Shakespeare's 'A Midsummer Night's Dream' are essential to the development of the plot, although their presentation relies wholly on the characters we meet there, their adventures and their descriptions of these places. Athens is not an accidental choice of location: although much of the detail of the play is quintessentially English, the classical setting enables Shakespeare to introduce the notable lawgiver, who has had his own problems in love; it makes plausible the reference to the severe law, and it allows Oberon to refer seriously to Cupid and Diana without the play's seeming blasphemous. Theseus is an enlightened ruler, notable for his wise judgement but there is a limit to his abilities: the problem Egeus gives him seems incapable of solution, so he tries to buy time and work on Egeus and Demetrius. But there seems little hope that the "harsh Athenian law" will produce a solution acceptable to all parties. The wood is mentioned first by Lysander, who has been there with Hermia and Helena on May Day, and in the following scene by Bottom. Neither seems to have any inkling of what they may meet there. The wood may be unremarkable in the daytime but at night it is a place of danger and confusion. The young lovers experience the confusion but do not know its cause. The mechanicals go to the Palace Wood because they wish to rehearse unseen, little knowing that the wood is full of spirits (not to mention the four young lovers).    Lysander's literal losing of his way anticipates his metaphorical losing of his way, in pursuing the wrong woman. Demetrius speaks to Helena in a manner no gentleman would care to use ... ...men's own strange standards the device is flawed, since Thisbe is left to find the dead Pyramus by (imagined) "starlight". The performance of Starveling also gives Theseus and Hippolyta the chance to crack some very topical jokes about changing and waning.    The play opens in Athens. We see how the young lovers and the mechanicals leave (for different reasons) this known and familiar place and enter the wood. This is the proper domain of the fairies, and no place for men, who enter at their peril. In the symmetry of the play, we see this process reversed in Act 5. Here the fairies come into Athens into the home of Theseus. But they are in no danger, not even of discovery. While they can promote the general fertility of the natural world in the wood, the importance of Theseus and Hippolyta requires a more direct overseeing of the conception of their heir.    A Midsummer Night's Dream Essay: The Importance of Setting The Importance of Setting in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream  Ã‚      The two locations of Shakespeare's 'A Midsummer Night's Dream' are essential to the development of the plot, although their presentation relies wholly on the characters we meet there, their adventures and their descriptions of these places. Athens is not an accidental choice of location: although much of the detail of the play is quintessentially English, the classical setting enables Shakespeare to introduce the notable lawgiver, who has had his own problems in love; it makes plausible the reference to the severe law, and it allows Oberon to refer seriously to Cupid and Diana without the play's seeming blasphemous. Theseus is an enlightened ruler, notable for his wise judgement but there is a limit to his abilities: the problem Egeus gives him seems incapable of solution, so he tries to buy time and work on Egeus and Demetrius. But there seems little hope that the "harsh Athenian law" will produce a solution acceptable to all parties. The wood is mentioned first by Lysander, who has been there with Hermia and Helena on May Day, and in the following scene by Bottom. Neither seems to have any inkling of what they may meet there. The wood may be unremarkable in the daytime but at night it is a place of danger and confusion. The young lovers experience the confusion but do not know its cause. The mechanicals go to the Palace Wood because they wish to rehearse unseen, little knowing that the wood is full of spirits (not to mention the four young lovers).    Lysander's literal losing of his way anticipates his metaphorical losing of his way, in pursuing the wrong woman. Demetrius speaks to Helena in a manner no gentleman would care to use ... ...men's own strange standards the device is flawed, since Thisbe is left to find the dead Pyramus by (imagined) "starlight". The performance of Starveling also gives Theseus and Hippolyta the chance to crack some very topical jokes about changing and waning.    The play opens in Athens. We see how the young lovers and the mechanicals leave (for different reasons) this known and familiar place and enter the wood. This is the proper domain of the fairies, and no place for men, who enter at their peril. In the symmetry of the play, we see this process reversed in Act 5. Here the fairies come into Athens into the home of Theseus. But they are in no danger, not even of discovery. While they can promote the general fertility of the natural world in the wood, the importance of Theseus and Hippolyta requires a more direct overseeing of the conception of their heir.   

Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun Essay -- essays research pap

Conflict in A Raisin in the Sun 	In the play A Raisin in the Sun, the playwright Lorraine Hansberry depicts the life of an impoverished African American family living on the south side of Chicago. The Youngers, living in a small apartment and having dreams larger than the world in which the live, often use verbal abuse as a way to vent their problems. Many times, this verbal abuse leads to unnecessary conflict within the family. The most frequently depicted conflict is that between Walter and his sister Beneatha. Walter wants nothing more than to be a wealthy entrepreneur that can provide for his family, while Beneatha plans to go to medical school and become a doctor. Both characters are opposed to the others’ dreams. This opposition creates serious conflict within the Younger household, and specifically among Walter, Beneatha, and Mama. 	During the course of the play, conflicts between Beneath and her brother Walter are revealed. Walter thinks that his sister should be a mainstream woman and not have great dreams and ambitions for her life. "Who the hell told you you had to be a doctor? If you so crazy ‘bout messing ‘round with sick people - then go be a nurse like other women - or just get married an be quiet" (38). This passage shows that Walter is clearly a chauvinist, and does not believe in his sister’s desire to be a doctor. Similarly, Beneatha does not believe in Walters aspirations of becoming a rich entrepreneur, and thinks he is rather...

History Essay -- Religion Western European History Essays

History Manorialism was an economic system that existed in Western Europe from about 1050 to 1300 CE. Serfs who worked for a lord farmed large fields. The lord owned the fields and lived in a large manor house. He owned between a third and a half of all the crops. The serfs also had a part of the fields for themselves. Serfs couldn’t leave the manor and they had to give the lord a certain amount of their crops, but they could keep the surplus. The serfs lived together communally and worked the fields together using the three crop rotation. There was also a church and a parson who had his own house and part of the crops. Lords who were warriors that defended the manor and attacked neighboring manors created manors. The serfs had originally paid allegiance to the lords as they protected them and gathered land and wealth. One short-term effect of manorialism was that it gave the peasants who worked the field better working conditions than the slaves had received in earlier Roman est ates. The serfs had more control over their lives. Some of the long-term effects of manorialism were an increase in the quality of all living conditions, chivalry, and better treatment of women. As farming conditions improved and the output of workers became greater, the lords started renting the land to the serfs and gave them greater mobility. Lords sometimes sold this freedom to the serfs. The lords gained financial wealth through selling freedom and charging rent, and the serfs gained greater control over their lives. The lords also changed their savagery in fighting as warriors for the ideals of chivalry. Chivalry was the â€Å"obligation of fighting in defense of honorable causes.†(418) The ideas that chivalry cherished resulted in the respect and idealization of upper-class women. This was a small advancement in the treatment of women, but it was better than most conditions that had existed before. (415-420) Magna Carta In England, 12th century, the barons created the Magna Carta. The Magna Carta was created to hold the King to the law and limited his power to gather finances from the kingdom. The Magna Carta made the King recognize that he was the ruler of his subjects and that as their ruler he must recognize their rights. This document helped to prevent King John from financing a war to retrieve territories that were lost to France during his rule. Under the Mag... ...to lead the West. As the Crusades declined so did the Popes power. Pope Boniface VIII fall from power was caused by the decline of the Crusades.(460) As the Crusades were misused by both the Church and the Crusaders, the papacy was weakened by the deleterious effects of the Crusade.(460) The papacy had called for the Crusades and led them. When success came the papacy was strengthened, but when the Crusades failed the Pope took the blame for the losses. All of the power and prestige that the Pope had earned was lost and the power of the Pope was questioned. The Crusades of the Church helped to open trade between the East and the West. The victory of the First Crusade raised the confidence of the West and proved to them that the Pope was their spiritual and temporal leader. The savagery of the Crusades and the use of Gregory’s policies show how the Crusades brought out the terrible side of the religious fervor. The papacy suffered heavy political losses when people lost faith in the Crusades. The imperial motives of the Church were clearly revealed and the politics of Rome were shown to be clearly monarchial. The people lost faith in the Pope along with his idea of the Crusades.

How evil is presented throughout the play Essay

Show how Shakespeare’s sense of theatre supports the presentation of evil in â€Å"Macbeth.† Shakespeare was born in 1564 at Stratford upon Avon, he was an English poet and playwright. He wrote 38 plays 154 sonnets. He began his successful career in London as an actor and a writer, and later became known as what many say to be the greatest writer in the English language. One of his most successful plays is ‘Macbeth’ it was written at the time king James I was on the throne at the time that the Gunpowder Plot that took place in 1605, and plotted against king James I and tried to blow up the houses of parliament. This is quite significant to the play as it links to people plotting against the king, as Macbeth does. In the end Guy Fawks is burnt, and at the end of the play Macbeth is also murdered. Shakespeare received patronage from the current monarchy if they were pleased with the play he had produced, so he made it appeal to the king or Queen he was writing it for. He did this when he wrote Macbeth, as he Put witches in the play and also based the play around witches and portrayed them as personifying evil this would have appealed to King James I as he wrote a book about witches called Demonology in this book he confirmed his conspiracy about witches being evil supernatural beings that made bad things happen. Shakespeare set the play in the 12th century when it was the17th century so that he could twist the facts of what happened to get across what he wanted to say, about the plot of the witches. Shakespeare tried to make things relevant in the play to King James I. He did this at the start of the play where he used Thunder and Lightening, before the three witches came on this would have appealed to King James I as he expressed very strongly that witches conjured up storms in the book he wrote. Another thing that portrayed evil at the start of the play is that the chant that the witches do ;†Fair is foul and foul is fair,† this shows that evil is about good being bad and bad being good. This links to Macbeth because when he first talks, he says â€Å"so fair and foul a day I have not seen†. He is echoing the words of the witches, and this alerts the audience and makes them think he is connected to them or of the same nature (also evil). Also when the witches say â€Å"when the hurlyburly’s done, when the battle’s lost and won† it makes you curious to think that they may know what is to happen in the future. It also gives you the feeling that the witches are peculiar and supernatural if they can make predictions with such certainty. Shakespeare is also trying to show the power the witches have to make evil happen, that their presence or their words can effect people make them think evil and then become evil, as Macbeth does throughout the play. Macbeth as a victim of supernatural conspiracy as it’s the witches who put the essence of treason in his mind.This is shown when Banquo asks Macbeth â€Å"Good sir, why do you start and seem to fear†. This shows Macbeth is not innately good because seeing the evil of the witches made him fear and a noble man was not to let evil get to him, like Banquo didn’t. This also shows he is susceptible to evil. He also started to have evil thoughts that even started to scare himself he says â€Å"I yield to that suggestion whose horrid image doth unfix my hair, and make my seated heart knock at my ribs†. Macbeth knows it is a sin against God to Murder or even hurt the Lords anointed King. At the start of the play he was honourable and favoured greatly by Duncan who gave him the titles Thane of Cawdor and Thane of Glamis for winning the battle and defeating the king of Norway, but Macbeth above all was a man of action and wanted to know how he could make the prediction of the witches come true and so he didn’t let his evil thoughts get in the way .He says in act 1 scene 4 â€Å"Stars hide your fires, let not light see my black and deep desires†, he wants the stars to stay dark so that he can hide his murderous thoughts. Also dark is associated with bad and evil and light with good and noble. He doesn’t want a starry night so that he can hide his evil thoughts in the darkness away from the light. Macbeth had lots of imagination but he lacked a strong will, when lady Macbeth allures him into Duncan’s murder he went along with the plans although deep down he knew it was morally the wrong thing to do., on the other hand lady Macbeth had a strong will persuading and brainwashing Macbeth, but has no imagination, she is the one who persuades him to commit the ghastly deed but is the one who goes mad. Another aspect of Macbeth’s imagination is when he sees daggers and apparitions before he goes to kill Duncan. Macbeth even Hallucinates when he sees the ghost of Banquo. When Macbeth goes to see the witches they make him feel invincible, they tell him â€Å"no man of woman born can touch him† hearing this he goes and kills all of MacDuffs family (his innocent wife and children) that is because he has descended to evil, he has reached the depths of evil and because evil never triumphs the audience knows he is going be caught, this is when he finds out that the witches tricked him but he does die a noble death because he is brave. Lady Macbeth is portrayed as an evil person in the play but also the source of all the evil from Macbeth. She personifies evil to Macbeth making him do wrong and she guides him into all that he does. This play is written to relate to the biblical story of Adam and Eve where God allows them to eat the fruit from all the trees except the tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. A serpent persuades Eve to eat from that tree; she does so but also persuades Adam to eat from it. This relates to the story of Macbeth because Lady Macbeth persuades Macbeth to do evil. This is another thing that would have appealed to king James I as he was a religious man who strongly believed in what the bible said. When lady Macbeth reads the letter he has been sent by Macbeth she gets excited and starts having fantastical thoughts, yet she thinks her husband is too kind to do such a thing when she says â€Å"It is too full o ‘th ‘milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way.† She knows she will have to persuade him and she knows just how she will do this â€Å"that I may pour my spirits in thine ear, and chastise with the valour of my tongue.† She is saying she will use her language of persuasion and guide him into the evil to do what she wants him to do. She is the one who induces him and leads him to do it, at first he is reluctant but then she wins him over by saying that he should do it for the love of her, she also challenges his masculinity by doing this so in the end after arguing a won battle because lady Macbeth isn’t backing down, Macbeth finally goes to murder Duncan. Later she entices him by saying that the blame of the murder could be put on the king’s guards, so their crime won’t be discovered. Throughout the play Macbeth goes from noble and good with people referring to him as â€Å"noble Macbeth† and â€Å"valiant cousin† to evil led by the witches. Macbeth was a victim of an evil plot with the witches tricking him and leading him to evil and sin, but the blame can not be put entirely on the witches because although they lead him he was the one who choose to kill Duncan witch was the start of all the bad things that came from it. Macbeth comes to die a noble death, because of his bravery and of this and then the rightful order has been restored and the rightful king is on the throne. This makes stronger the belief that people have that the king is the lords anointed and nobody can do anything about it. The play justifies the position of James I as he is a noble and righteous king . Shakespeare ended the play this was to show that no good comes from witches and from evil and it is a lot better to be noble as you will get a better outcome, Banquo was noble and his son became the king in the end.

Ielts vs Toefl

Many students around the world look forward for studying in the United State of America. They are required to pass any English as A Second Language exam. The two most popular exams for international students are the TOEFL-IBT and the IELTS. Many students get confused which exam is easier for them. In fact, it depends on the student to decide which is the easiest for him or her. There are many reasons to consider whether to choose taking the IELTS or the TOEFL-IBT. One of the biggest differences between these exams is in the speaking section.In the TOEFL-IPT, students use computers to take the exam. The speaking section on the TOEFL-IBT requires listening to six conversations and lectures, then students must talk about the conversations or the lectures that they heard for one minutes each. In the IELTS, students do not use computers and do not listen to any conversation or lecture. They speak with examiners instead of computers. The examiners ask some general and specific questions th en they must answer these questions. Many students say that the IELTS is easier than the TOEFL-IBT in the speaking section because it is more reliable.For example, in the TOEFL-IBT, some students may get lectures about subjects that they are not familiar with such as physics and chemistry. Many students say it is difficult to speak for one minute with computers under pressure about something that they have not talked about before. On the IELTS, on the other hand, students get general and specific questions such as education, sport and business. They said that they can speak and discus with examiners about these questions and it is the best way to measure their abilities in speaking. The second difference between the TOEFL-IBT and the IELTS exams is in the writing section.The biggest difference is in the way that students write. In the TOEFL-IBT, students use computers in the whole exam. Therefore, they should type two essays in sixty minutes. On the IELTS, on the other hand, student s use paper and pencils to write their essays. They must write two different essays in sixty minute by hand. It is obvious that it depends on the students to choose what is easier for them. For example, some students are good writer on the computer. They can type faster than writing by hand. Therefore, they prefer the TOEFL-IBT rather than the IELTS because they can write more word in less time using computers.On the other hand, some students prefer the IELTS because they are very slow writers using computers. It takes them more time to write and look for the letters on the keyboard. As a result, they prefer the IELTS because they used to write by hand and they do not want to waste their time looking for the liters on the keyboard. The third difference is in the listening section. In the TOEFL-IBT, students get questions first. They can read the questions and prepare for what they should listen to, then they listen to the lectures or conversations.On the other hand, the students who take the TOEFL-IBT are not allowed to read any question that they will be asked. Therefore, they listen to the lectures or the conversations and take notes then they get the questions. In fact, many students believe that the TOEFL-IBT is difficult in the Listening Section because they do not know what they will be asked after the lectures. For example, in the TOEFL-IBT, many students get confused while they are listening to the lectures. The lectures normally take six minutes and they cannot take note on everything that the lectures say.On the IELTS, the students hear the lectures while they read questions. They can answer questions directly then they can move to the next question. In the end, many students work hardly to learn English to study in the U. S. many of them have good English abilities but they fail in English as A Second Language exams. Some students choose wrong exams that do not match their skills. They do not know the differences between the TOEFL-IBT and the IELTS. The Writing, Speaking and Listening sections are different between the TOEFL-IBT and the IELTS.